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The Formation of UNCTAD During the course of the working GATT earned the dubious distinction of sending the interests developed nations and was nicknamed as the “Rich men’s club”. The developing Countries Constituting a majority of the GATT’s members Wanted to revive the idea of setting up the IT while USA, that had scuttled it earlier, opposed the idea. To find a solution to the deadlock, the UN appointed a committee that suggested a sort of via media-U NCTAD (United Nations Conferen on Trade and Development). Accor- ingly, the UNCTAD was established in 1964 to perform m following functions: • To promote inte(natjonaj trade with at view to accelerating economic development. • To formulate principles and policies on international trade and related problems of economic development. • To negotiate multinational trade agreements. • To make proposals for putting its principle and policies into effects. The major activities of UNCTAD include undertaking research and extending support f...

INSTITUTIONAL SETUP2 The State Government has adopted the Disaster Management Act 2005 as enacted by the Govt. of India for providing effective mechanism for Disaster Management in the State of Himachal Pradesh. 3.1 State Disaster Management Authority:As per clause b of sub-section (2) of Section 14 of the Disaster Management Act 2005, the Himachal Pradesh Disaster Management Authority under the chairperson of the Honourable Chief minister was constituted on 1st June 2007 with the following persons as member of the HPDMA: 1. Honourable Chief Minister 2. Hon’ble Revenue Minister 3. Chief Secretary 4. Principal Secy.(Rev) 5. Principal Secy. (Home) 6. Principal Secy. (PWD) 7. Principal Secy. (Health) 8. Director General Police 9. Secretary/Add.Secy. (Rev.) Chairperson Member Chief Executive Officer Member Member Member Member Member Member Secy. The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) has the mandate to lay down the state policies and approval of State Disaster Managemen...

INSTITUTIONAL SETUP2 The State Government has adopted the Disaster Management Act 2005 as enacted by the Govt. of India for providing effective mechanism for Disaster Management in the State of Himachal Pradesh. 3.1 State Disaster Management Authority:As per clause b of sub-section (2) of Section 14 of the Disaster Management Act 2005, the Himachal Pradesh Disaster Management Authority under the chairperson of the Honourable Chief minister was constituted on 1st June 2007 with the following persons as member of the HPDMA: 1. Honourable Chief Minister 2. Hon’ble Revenue Minister 3. Chief Secretary 4. Principal Secy.(Rev) 5. Principal Secy. (Home) 6. Principal Secy. (PWD) 7. Principal Secy. (Health) 8. Director General Police 9. Secretary/Add.Secy. (Rev.) Chairperson Member Chief Executive Officer Member Member Member Member Member Member Secy. The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) has the mandate to lay down the state policies and approval of State Disaster Managemen...

Temple Stampedes:The State of Himachal has large number of Hindu temples as pilgrimage centres. According to some estimates there are more than 2000 temples in the State. Some of the temples in the State like JawalaMukhi&Baijnath in Kangra, Chintpurni in Una, BijliMahadev in Kullu, Tarna in Mandi, Renukaji in Sirmour, Laxmi Narayan in Chamba, Bhima Kali in Sarahan Shimla attract large number of visitors and tourists every year. Stampedes are common during religious gatherings. Himachal Pradesh being a land of God’s the people observe large number of festivals when mass gathering forms dense moving crowd. On August 3, 2008 the Naina Devi temple experienced worst ever tragedy when 146 devotees, including 30 children and 38 women were crushed to death and 50 injured in Stampede triggered by a rumour of landslide. The tragedy took place in the holy month of Sawan and as per media reports there were about 3000 devotees present at the time of catastrophe. Rumours of landslide and rolli...

Forest Fire:Forest fire is a major cause of degradation of forest. With increasing population pressure, the forest cover of the country is deteriorating at an alarming rate. The forests of the Himachal Pradesh are more prone to forest fire compared to forests in other parts of India due to various biotic and geographic reasons. In Himachal Pradesh the recorded forest area is 10, 46900 hectares, of which around 9, 74800 hectares cropped area is fire prone. In Shimla district around 69% of the total area have a history of forest fires and in districts of Chamba, LahaulSpiti and Kinnaur it is 44.9% of the total area experience forest fires in summer and 20% area is prone to frequent fires. About 90 % of forest fires are due to intentional or unintentional human interventions. In state like Himachal, forest fires also have a close link with livelihood. People residing within forests or nearby areas are dependent on forests for their source of income and for day to day fuel requirements. ...

c) Floods:Floods are another form of natural disaster the State experiences every year. South west Monsoonal rainfall during the months of June to August is the dominant cause for triggering floods when rainfall happens to be in excess i.e. 125% or more than the normal. Fig 2.5 shows the percentage frequency of excessive rainfall and successive years of excessive rainfall during the period from 1951 to 1999. During this period the Chamba district in the north western part of the state had received highest amount of rainfall expressed as percentage of the normal with more numbers of successive years of excessive rainfall. Table 2.11 gives the district wise excessive rainfall years and highest annual rainfall expressed as percentage of normal and Table 2.12 gives successive years of excessive rainfall. Fig 2.6 is the map of flood prone areas as prepared by Dr D.D Sharma of H.P University Shimla. Flash Flood:Flash flood is the most frequent and damaging floods that occur with little or ...

" Landslide is the most common hazard in Himachal Pradesh, which causes immense risk to life and property. Almost every year the state is affected by one or more major landslides affecting the society in many ways. Loss of life, damage of houses, roads, means of communication, agricultural land, are some of the major consequences of landslides. The fragile nature of rocks forming the mountains, along with the climatic conditions and various anthropogenic activities has made the state vulnerable to the Landslides. District wise landslide vulnerability in the State is as follows.Triggering of landslides is both a natural and anthropogenic phenomena. As in other parts of Himalayas the landslide activity in Himachal Pradesh also varies with altitude, geology and topography. Various geophysical factors such as steepness of slopes, saturation by heavy rains, melting snow and ice, rock vibrations, excess load from embankments, fills, waste & debris dumps change in water content, f...

Some of the important earthquakes that the state experienced and for which instrumental records are available are as follows:  4rd April 1905 – Kangra (Mw 7.8) 33N, 76E, OT= 00:50 UTC About 20,000 people were killed in the Kangra- Dharamshala region. Damage and casualties also occurred in adjoining parts of Punjab including in the cities of Amritsar, Lahore, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Sialkot.  28thFeburary 1906 – Near Kullu (Mw 6.4) 32N, 77E Damage and casualities in the Bashahr – Shimla hills states.  11th May 1930 – East of Sultanpur, 6.0 (TS) 11:30:36 UTC, 31.70N, 77.00E  22 June 1945 – Near Padua Kathwa District, J&K (H.P, J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 18:00:51 UTC, 32.5999N, 75.90E  10th July 1947 – Near Padua, Kathwa District, J&K(H.P, J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 10:19:20 UTC, 32.599N, 75.90E  12th August 1950 – Near Padua, Kathwa District, J&K(H.P, J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) (TS) 03:59;06 UTC, 32.599N, 75.90E  12th September 1951 – Chamba ...

The seismic sensitivity of the state of Himachal Pradesh is very high as over the years a large number of damaging earthquake has struck the state and its adjoining areas. Seismically it lies in the great Alpine Himalayan belt running from Alps Mountain through Yugoslavia, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Burma. Due to its location the state experiences dozens of mild earthquakes every year. Large earthquakes have occurred in all parts of Himachal Pradesh, the biggest being the Kangra earthquake of 1905. The Himalayan Frontal Thrust, the Main boundary Thrust, the Krol, the Giri, Jutogh and Nahan thrusts are some of the tectonic features that are responsible for shaping the present geophysical deposition of the state. The seismic vulnerability of Himachal Pradesh is primarily attributed to northward movement of Indian plate and to the major dislocation tectonic features such as MBF, MBT, Punjab thrust and MCT etc. Besides the longitudinal tectonic feature t...

Hazards both natural and manmade are of immediate concern to the State of Himachal Pradesh as it faces the fury of one or the other disaster every year. The fragile ecology and geology of the State coupled with large variations in Physio-climate conditions render it vulnerable to vagaries of nature in one way or the other.

Population of Himachal Pradesh is 68.56 lakh persons as per the Census report for the year 2011. 89.01% of the total population inhabits 20,604 villages in the rural areas of the State. These villages are sparsely distributed across the State having population density as low as 1 person per square kilometer in the remote and tribal area of Lahaul&Spiti, Hamirpur district has largest population density of 369 persons per square kilometer as against 123 persons per square kilometer for the whole State. Himachal Pradesh is one of the few states of the country where gender equality is an integral part of the social ethos as well as the overall development strategy. Female literacy is well above the national level and women employment is much higher than in most states of the country. Description Population Population Growth Population Density/sq. km Male Female Sex Ratio Percentage of total Population Literacy Male Literacy Female Literacy Total Literate Male Literate Female Lit...

As per the state department of Agriculture, Himachal Pradesh is predominately an agricultural state and provides direct employment to about 71 percent of the total population. The Agriculture sector contributes nearly 30 percent of the total state domestic product. About 18-20 percent area is irrigated and rest is rain fed. Food grains production was 1440.66 thousand tonnes in the Year 2007-2008. The production of major crops of the state i.e. maize, rice and wheat for 2007-2008 was 682.61 thousand tonnes, 121.45 thousand ton and 61.2 thousand tonnes respectively. The vegetable production for 2007-2008 was 1060.00 thousand tonnes.

The climate varies across the state with the altitude. In the southern low tracks between an altitude of 400-900 it is hot sub humid type, between 900-1800m altitude warm & temperate, between 900-2400m cool & temperate, cold alpine & glacial above 24004800m altitude. Bilaspur, Kangra, Mandi, Sirmour, and Una districts experience sub tropical monsoon, mild and dry winter and hot summer. Shimla district has tropical upland type climate with mild and dry winter and short warm summer. Chamba district experiences, humid subtropical type climate having mild winter, long hot summer and moist all season. Kullu district experience mainly humid subtropical type of climate with mild winter moist all season, long hot summer and marine. During the period from January to February heavy snowfall in higher reaches create conditions for low temperature throughout the state making it unpleasant and series of western disturbances also affect the state.

Topographically, the state can be divided into three zones: 1. The Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas: It covers the lower hills of Kangra, Hamirpur, Una, Bilaspur, lower parts of Mandi, Solan and Sirmour districts. Within this zone, altitude varies from 350 m to 1500 m. 2. Inner Himalayas or mid-mountains: Altitude varies from 1500 m to 4500 m above mean sea level and includes areas such as the upper parts of Pachhad and Renuka in Sirmaur district, Chachiot and Karsog tehsils of Mandi district and upper parts of Churah tehsil of Chamba district. 3. Alpine zone or the greater Himalayas: Has altitude above 4500 m above mean sea level and comprises areas of Kinnaur district, Pangi tehsil of Chamba district and area of Lahaul&Spiti district.

Himachal Pradesh with its complex geological structures presents a complicated topography with intricate mosaic of mountains ranges, hills and valleys. Composed of recent Alluvium, Shiwalik hills are made up of rocks such as sandstone, shale and clay that came into existence during the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene period. The central part that extends from Chamba district in the north to Shimla district in the south is mainly represented by Jatog group of rocks which originated in middle Proterozoic period. In the north eastern portion unclassified Granites borders the central part in between Kullu, eastern Shimla, LahaulSpiti and parts of Kinnaur district. The eastern greater Himalaya presents the Triassic formation which is found in Kaza tehsil of LahaulSpiti district. The oldest rocks are Granites found at Jeori-Wangtu and Bandel near Largi in Kullu district. These granites date back to a stage of the crust at a time when India was located 8000 Km southwest of its present position....

Twelve districts of the State have been divided into 3 Divisions, 52 Subdivisions, 77 Development Blocks and 3243 Panchayats. The PRI’s are in place in all the 12 districts comprising 12 ZilaParishads, PanchayatSamitis in 77 Development Blocks, and Gram Panchayats in 3243 Panchayats. One Municipal Corporation in Shimla, 20 Municipal Councils and 28 Nagar Panchayats, besides 7 Cantonment Boards, represent the Urban Local Bodies infrastructure in the State.

Himachal Pradesh is predominantly a mountainous State located in North – West India. It shares an international border with China. The State has highly dissected mountain ranges interspersed with deep gorges and valleys. It is also characterized with diverse climate that varies from semi tropical in lower hills, to semi arctic in the cold deserts areas of Spiti and Kinnaur. Altitude ranges from 350 meters to 6975 meters above mean sea level. It is located between Latitude 30O 22.40 N to 33O 12.20 N and Longitude 75O 45.55 E to 79O 04.20 E.

globalisation in its true sense is a way of corporate life necessitated, facilitated and nourished by the transnationalisation of the World economy and developed by corporate strategies. Globalization is an attitude of mind it a mindset which views the entire world as a single market so that the corporate strategy is based On the dynamics of the global business environment.international marketing or international investment does not amount to globalisation unless it is the result of such a global orientation Globalisation encompasses the following: • Doing, or planning to expard, business globally. • Giving up the distinction between the domestic market and foreign market and developing a global outlook of the business. • Locating the production and other physical facilities on a consideration of the global business dynamics, irrespective of national considerations. • Basing product development and production planning on the global market considerations. • Global sourcing of factor...

Economic Growth Attainment of a higher rate of economic growth has received topmost priority all the five-year plans of the country. Given the acute poverty in the country, a higher rate of economic growth would help eradicate poverty and improve the standard of the people. The first plan envisaged a target of 11 per cent increase in national income against which 18 per cent growth in national income was achieved. The Second, Third and Fourth Plans envisaged annual growth rates of 5 per cent, 5.6 percent, and 5.7 percent respectively against which 4 per cent, 2 percent, and 3.4 per cent respectively were achieved. Again, the Fifth and Sixth Plan proposed annual growth rates of 4.37 percent and 5.2 per cent against which 5 per cent and 5.2 per cent respectively were achieved. The Seventh Plan, Eighth Plan and Ninth Plan set targets of 5 per cent, 5.6 per cent, and 7 per cent annual growth rate of national income respectively against which 6.02, 6.68, and 5.35 percents respectively, w...