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WTO is a successor global trade organization to the GATT which came into being on 1 January 1948 as a result of an agreement among 23 proponent Countries to have a multilateral trade regulating organization in place of an International Trading Organization (lTO)WhIh all of them voted for, but not be set up because the American Senate voted against it. The objective of the GAT 1. Was to ensure a “Substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a ‘reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis”. GATT was governed by the Following principles: (I) Non-discrimination implying that no member of GATT can discriminate against other nations or show favouritism or give any special privilege to any nation; (ii) Tariff Protection implying that GAIT favoured the use of tariffs as an ideal means of protecting domestic industries, rather than using nontariff measures such as import quotas and (iii) Stable basis of trade so as to avoid volatility in global trade...

THE WTO came into being on 1 January, 1995, the dayon which the collective decision of the member nations who participated in the Uruguay Round (UR) took effect resulting in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) being transformed into an international organization that oversees the operation of therules-based multilateral trading system. As we have seen, WTO is the outcome of a series of trade agreements negotiated during the Uruguay Round (1986-94) the eighth and ?nal trade round conducted under the GATT. The Treaty of Marrakesh established he WTO at the close of the UR ‘in 1994, whICh began operations with strength of 148 memberS.

in this chapter, we learn the emergence of World Trade Organjzatjon (WTO), its objectives, it score principles, its functions, its organizational structure: After reading this chapter, we will be clearly able to understand the problems issues and benefits India encounters as a member country Vis-a-vis the WTO. The World Trade Organizatjo (WTO IS one amongst the three international organizations that oversee the economic and commercial relations between nations; the other two being the international Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (JBRD), generally referred to as the World Bank. The WTO has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries which number 153 at present; WTO “provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants’ adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of m...

Industrial Policy for Small Scale industry The small scale sector has always been given a prominent place in the successive industrial policies. The Government of India in its first Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1948 emphasized the role and importance of small scale industries (SSIs) in India’s economic development. The IPR, 1956 stressed the role of SSI and re emphasized that SSI provides immediate large scale employment. It stated that SSI offers a method of ensuring more equitable distribution of national income and facilitate an effectiye’ mobilization of resources. The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 kept the entire small scale industry outside the purview of industrial licensing. It underlined the need for modernization and technological upgradation of SSI. The Industrial Estates Programme was introduced by the Central Government in 1955. The programme was launched with two objectives:

A small scale ncdustrial unit is defined in terms of initial investment in plant and machinery whether held in ownership terms or by lease or by hire purchase. The definition has been periodically revised by raising the ceiling of investment. the small scale units were defined as undertakings with a fixed capital investment of less than Rs.7.5 Iakhs and ancillary units with a fixed capital investment of Rs. 10 lakhs. In 1975 the investment limit was raised to Rs. 10 Iakhs for small scale units and Rs. 15 lakhs in case of ancillaries. In 1977 the concept of tiny unit was introduced; it was defined in terms of investment limit upto Rs. 1 Iakh. Under the industrial Policy Statement of 1980, this limit was further raised to Rs. 20 Iakhs for small scale units, Rs. 25 Iakhs for ancillary units and Rs. 2 Iakhs for tiny units. In 1985 the investment limit was again raised to Rs. 35 laths for small scale units and Rs. 45 lakhs for ancillary units. According to the Industrial Policy Statement...

The word ‘privatization’ has been receiving much attention in business, government and academic circles on a global platform. Infact, the language and programmes of privatization have disseminated so rapidly throughout the. world that the phenomenon can be likened to a revolution or a boon. Privatization techniques have already been tried in countries like Great Britain, China, the US, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico and Japan.In our country too, a beginning towards privatization has been made with the sale upto 20 per cent of the equity capital of 30 plus select public sector units (PSUs), first to mutual funds and financial institutions and later to the investing public. While the experience of disinvestment of PSUs has been a mix of encouragement and disheartenment, it is advisable to go slow in the direction. This chapter tries to justify the need for going slow in the process of privatization. First, it is useful to know history, nature, objectives and the extent of privatization in our c...

The basic Philosophy of the New Industrial Policy (1991) has been summarized as ‘Continufty with change’. It follows the policy of self-reliance but with greater stress on ability to pay for imports from exports. It also recognised the need for development of indigenous technology and manufacturing capabilities to world standards. The Industrial Policy 1991 assigned importance to a) industrialization of backward areas through infrastructure development and b) promotion of small scale industry through technology upgradation and efficiency improvement. The Policy underlined the significance that public sector units have to run on business lines as envisaged in IPR 1956.

Evolution of industrial policy in India can he traced with a brief eview of the industrial scene as it obtained at the time of independence. The industrial scene in India at the time of independence was characterized by the following features: 1. The Industrial sector was extremely underdeveloped 2. There was great resentment at the lack of infrastructure industries. 3. The lack of government intervention in favour of the industrial sector was seen as an important cause of underdevelopment. 4. Export-orientation had been seen as being against the country’s interests. 5. The structure of ownership was highly concentrated. 6. Technical and managerial skills were in short supply. As a result, the national consensus was that economic sovereignty and economic independence lay in rapid industrialization including particularly the promotion of industrial infrastructure. The stage was set for the practice of economic and industrial policies which emphasized rapid industrialization but throu...

Essentially the central bank relies on five instruments to influence money Supply interest rates etc. and in turn influences the course of entire economy. They are: • Reserve ratios Bank rate Open market operations • Margin requirements Moral suasion The above list is not an exhaustive list. The central bank may adopt other measures as RB1 does in India depending upon the purpose at hand. The first three are the general instruments because they influence the nation’s money supply and general availability of credit. These are calld quantitative instruments. The fourth and fifth are selective or quantities, instruments. These are aimed at affecting changes in the availability of credit with respect to particular (i.e. selective) sectors of the economy Quantitative instruments are called ‘quantitative’ because they affect the total volume (or quantity) of money supply and credit in the countorY. Selective instruments are called selective because they are aimed at the movement of credi...

Banking structure of a country comprises of central bank and the commercial banks. The commercial banks are engaged in accepting deposits from public and lending. In addition they provide many services to their depositors like cash withdraws and transfer of funds from one bank to another etc. The central bank is the supervisory bank over the commercial banks. It regulates the activities of these banks particularly the banking functions. If you. have visited some banks you must have observed that all banks have nearly the same rules of making deposits and similar lending rates. It is because all such rules are framed by the RBI. The central bank, however, does not deal with the public directly. it deals with government and commercial banks only. Following are the main functions of the central bank, 1. Sale authority to issue currency. 2. Looks after government accounts and advises government on economic matters. 3. Regulates deposits and lending activities of commercial banks. 4. Le...

Monetary policy is the deliberate exercise of the monetary authority’s power to induce expansions or contractions in the money supply with the objective of influencing investment, income and employment and maintaining price stability in general within the broad framework of economic policy objectives of government. The central bank of a country is the monetary authority of the country. In India Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bankof the country. Each country has a central bank known by different names. The objectives of monetary policy are nearly the same as that of fiscal policy. However the nature of measures adopted and the agencies responsible for implementation are different. Fiscal policy is operated by government while the monetary policy by the central bank (i.e. RBI). Fiscal policy involves changes in taxes and government spending. Monetary policy involves variations in money supply, interest rates, lending by commercial banks etc To understand the meaning of m...

Monetary policy of a country broadly aims at regulating the money supply in the country. Regulation supply in the Country has its affect On interest Structure credit structure, investment structure, prices, flow of foreign exchange etc. The policy is prepared by the central bank of the country and implemented mainly through the commercial banks. Reserve bank of India is the Central Bank in India. State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Canara Bank, Union Bank of India, UTI Bank, Times Bank etc. are the examples of Commercial Banks. In practice nearly all the financial institutions bankIng or nonbanking are involved in the implementation of the monetary policy, directly or indirectly.

fiscal policy is the income and expenditure policy of the government. Government needs money to run the Country’s administration, to provide facilities to the people and the business, to undertake the developmental activities and so on tax is the main source of income for any government. The type of taxes government imposes has a greater bearing on development of the various sectors of the economy. Government uses taxation as a tool for regulating economic activities in the country with in the framework of overall policy objectives. Government expenditures are another tool. Governments’ spending has a bearing on the standard of living of the people, the business environment, the growth of various sectors, etc. the fiscal policy of a country finds its expression in government budget. The adjective ‘fiscal’ is derived from the noun “fisc” (from Latin fiscus.). Fisc means a state or state treasury. The word fiscal, therefore, refers to all matters pertaining to state treasury, particul...

LeadIng Accounting Package The first version of Tally was released in 1988 and, through continuous development, is now recognised as one of the leading accounting packages across the world, with over a quarter million customers. 1 Complete Business Solution .. . . Tally.ERP 9 provides a complete solution to the accouting and inventory needs of a business. The package comprises financial accounting, book-keeping and inventory accounting. It also has various tools to extract, interpret and present data. 2. Integrated! Nonintegrated Accounting and Inventory With Tally.ERP 9, the user is able to choose between inventory. If accounting with inventory is opted, the user can choose weather should be integrated or not. 3. power 4. flexibility 5. real time processing 6. online help.

Tally.ERP 9 is the fastest and powerful multi-lingual business accounting and inventory management software. Tally.ERP 9 is designed to meet the needs of small and medium businesses. It is a fully integrated, affordable. and highly reliable software. Tally.ERP 9 is easy to install, and easy to learn. & use. Tally.ERP 91s designed to automate and integrate all the business operations, such as sales, finance, purchasing, inventory and manufacturing. The powerful new features combined with enhanced MIS, Multi-lingual, data synchronization and remote capabilities help the business organizations to manage all the business processes easily and cost-effectively.

An operating system act as an intermediary between user of a computer and hardware. Windows 7 is an operating system developed by Microsoft for use on personal computer, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks and tablet PCs released in 2009. The first screen that appears, when we start the computer is called as the desktop. The control panel allows making changes to the current settings on the computer. The start button allows us to open menus and start applications. Computer icon is used to quickly and easily see everything on your computer. When any data or a record is not required, it can be deleted and will be send to the recycle bin.

1. The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows, which allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts and changing accessibility options. 2. Control Panel is full of specialized tools that are used to change way Windows looks and behaves. 3. The Control Panel has three different views: Category View, Large Icon View añd Small Icon View 4. Personalization option is used to change the picture, col rsnd sound for the computer. 5. The appearance and personalization option has three suboptions narrely: change the theme, change desktop background and adjust screen resolution. To change the theme click on personallzation with left mouse button.

a. Paint is a drawing tool that one can use lo create black and white or colour drawings. b. The paint tool provides a lot of tools and functions to the user.  c. Notepad is a basic text editor that we can use to open and edit text files. d. We can save, edit, format and delete text with the help of the notepad. e. Word pad is a word processor. Word pad is used to process the textual information including typing, editing, formatting and printing.

a. A word processor can be defined as a computer program to create and edit text documents. c. Formatting features in the Microsoft word can change the arrangement, or layout, of pages. b.Modern day computers are sophisticated machines that enable quick typing and online editing. d. Automatically formats headings, bulleted and numbered lists, borders, numbers, symbols are some miscellaneous features of the Microsoft word.

1. To create a New document, on the menu bar one may either Click on the New Document button. 2. To save a document, choose the location where we want to save the document and then give the desired file name. 3. The text may be aligned to the left right or centre or can be aligned to the right side or can be justified across the page. 4. The document may have various views to show the text. The different views on the screen show the different aspects or features of the document.

Mail merge is the process of transferring selected information from one document to another document. Common mail merge documents include mailing labels; intéroffice memos and reports. Mail Merge command enables us to take information from two documents for example a form letter and a list of names & addresses and combine them into a single document. For mail-merge the three different items that come into play are: A data source file where the recipients are stored, A merge document where we design the document to merge and Finished documents combine the data from data source file with the text in the merge document to create individual documents for the recipients.

A spreadsheet is a grid of rows and columns and is also called as work sheet. A spreadsheet is a super calculator performing arithmetic and scientific calculations, provided right data and the right formula is given. There are 256 columns and 65536 rows in a single worksheet. The MS Excel 2007 opening window has the following parts: Title Bar, Office Buttàn , Quick Access Toolbar, Ribbon, Formula bar, Status Bar and Zoom Slider. One can enter three types of data in cells: labels, values, and formulas.

• AutoFill feature allows to quickly fill data in a series (e.g. months, days of the week or a numeric series) into adjacent cells. • The Go To command takes us to a specific cell either by cell reference or cell name.  • A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel to perform calculations. Formals are started in the formula box with an = sign. • A function is a built-in formula in Excel. A function has a name and arguments in parentheses. • Calling cells by just their column and row labels (such as “C2”) is called relative referencing. • An absolute reference is one that does not change. If we refer to a cell in a certain row and column and then copy that reference elsewhere, it will still refer to exactly the same cell or range. • A mixed reference is one that is half relative and half absolute.

1. Charts allow us to present data entred into the worksheet in a visual format using a variety Of chart types. 2. The typical chart in Exbel 2007 comprises several distinct parts, including the chart title, chart area, data series, axes, legend, plot area, gridlines, data markers, and more. 3. The various chart Types are: Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter,Doughnut, Radar, Surface, Bubble, Stock, Cone, Cylinder and Pyramid. 4. The Graphics feature of Excel 2007 consists of AutoShapes, ClipArt and Smart art 5. The AutoShapes feature allows to draw a number of geometrical shapes , arrows, flow chart elements, stars and more on the worksheet. 6. The ClipArt includes drawings, movies, sounds or photography. 7. The SmartArt graphic is a visual representation of the information and ideas. One can create SmartArt graphics by choosing from among many different Iayouts to quiäkly, easily and effectively communicate the message.

• The Graphics feature of PowerPoint Consists of AutoShapes, ClipArt and Smart art. • The AutoShaPes feature allows to draw a number of geometrical shapes, arrows, flow chart elements, stars and more on the worksheet. • The transitions are the special effects whil moving from one slide to another • Animation is a set of effects which can be applied to objects on a slide. The effects can be visual or sound effect.

Objectives Introduction Elements of Mutimedia Applications Categories of Multimedia Hypermedia Versus multimedia Uses of Multimedia Components of A Multimedia Presentation 3.1 introduction Multimedia is a tele-service concept that provides integrated and smuItaneous services of more than one telecommunication services,. namely, voice worId, video world and. data-world. Truly, multimedia is supposed to’provide such Service in real time and interactive mOde. Typk examples of multimedia applications are WWW, video conferencing, video on demand, interactive TV, interactive movies, electronic magazines and journals, groupware, digital video editing and home shopping. Multimedia is fast emerging as an important tool of information technology and as a basic tool of tomorrow’s life. Interactive multimedia is service, which provides simultaneous access, dissemination, transportation and processing of more than one information services like voice, video and data in the interactive mode and in th...

Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, graphics, image; video and animation in addition to traditional media (text and graphics). Hypermedia can be considered as one type of particular multimedia application. Multimedia is a combination of content form. Various elements used in multimedia applications are as follows: Graphics, Images, Animation, Text Audio, Video

Muttirnedia may be broad divided to linear and non-linear categoties. Linear actrs’e content progresses without any navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear Content offers user interactivity to cOntrol progress as used with a computer game or used in self- paced computer based training. Non-linear content is also known as hypermedia content. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded, recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via interaction with the presenter or performer. The linear multimedia is where the us,rs or the viewer’s cannot interact with the media such as a movie. The non-linear multimedia involves interactivity such as computer games computer baseci training. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded.

Text media may be classified into two groups: linear and non1inear. A book is an example of linear medium. A book is wriften for reading from the beginning to the end. The hyper-text is nonl inear. In non-linear media, accessing or reading is not.necessary from the starting to the end. Links and jumping without loss of meaning and continuitare €sseitiaI parts of non-linearity We may think of sequential memory versus random access menör to compare linear media versus nonl inear media. Hypermedja refers to media like text, graphics, images, Sound and video with proper. of non-linearity. Boàk is one exa’m’ pie of linear media whereas WVWV (World Wide Web) is one the best examples of hypermedja. Multimedia refers to computerbased information representation of different media like text, graphics, images, animation, video, audio and sound, v”hereas the hypermedja can be seen as ar application of multimedia. Uses of Multimedia Engineering Medicine Education Industry Mathematical research Virt...

The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet which designed to allow easier navigation through the use of graphical user interfaces and hyperteXt links between different addresses. The World Wide Web was created in 1992 by Tim Berners-Lee and continues to change and expand rapidly. The web is the user part of the Internet based on TCPIIP protocol technology to swap information back and forth. People use the Web to communicate, access information, for business, and recreational purposes. The World Wide Web commonly called the web or WWW is a tool that we use on the internet to get an access to information stored on other systems throughout the world. The web has powerful linking abilities to other Internet services and resources worldwide. The web consists of a body of information protocols, conventions, standards and concepts. The growth’of the internet was enhanced by the increasing popularity of personal computers, email and the;Worid Wide Web which was introduced in 1991 and saw exp...

The World Wide Web is a system of internet servers that support specially formatted documents. Web browsers are used to make it easy to access the World Wide Web. Browsers are able to display Web pages in part to an underlying Web protocol called HyperTextTransfer Protocol. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. It allows Web clients and Web servers to communicate with each other. When we enter a Web address in the browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page and display the information in the browser. All Web servers serving Web sites and pages support the HTTP protocol. For example the web address to reach the definition of browser on Google is: http://www.google.comlbrowser.html. As one enter the URL http://www.google.com/browser.html” into the address line of the browser, the browser breaks that web addre...

EmaiI is a method of transferring electronic messages using the Internet. Electronic mail sometimes called email is a computer based method of sending and receiving messages from one computer to another. These messages usually consist of individual pieces of text which can be sent to another computer user even if the other user is not using the computer at the time when the message was sent. The message can be read at a later time. This procedure is analogous to sending and receiving a letter. OriginaNy email messages were restricted to simple text but now many systems can handle more complicated formats such as graphics and word processed documEnts. When mail is received on a computer system it is usually stored in an electronic mailbox for the recipient to read later. Electronic mailboxes are usually special files on a computer which can be aècessed using various commands. Each user normally has their individual mailbox. It is very easy to send electronic mail between users of di...

—Summary The Internet is a worldwide network of computer networks, which feature such’ serv ices as data-sharing, electronic messaging and online commerce. The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet which designed to allow easier navigation through the use of graphical user interfaces and hypertext links between different addresses. The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) which comprises the programming codes, or tags, that defines fonts, layouts, embedded graphics, and hyperlinks to other documents accessible via the Web. The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which defines a set of standardsior transmitting Web pages across the Internet. The Universal Resource Locator (URL) which is a standardized naming convention for identifying a Web document or file i.e. the address of a link. User&can retrieve information quickly by clicking on hyperlinks. Web browsers are used to make it easy to access the World Wide Web. Internet search engines are special sites on the web that are designe...

1. Introduction  2. World Wide Web (WWW)  3. Web Browsers 4. Search Engines  5. E-mail  6. File Transfer Protocol Introduction The Internet is a world wide network of computer networks, which feature such services as data-sharing, electronic messaging and on-line commerce. Millions of computers are connected through the internet and the Internet is made up of several parts but major parts are namely-World Wide Web (WWw), E-mail and FTP.

Computer network is a structure of internet in these chapter we are discribe what is computer networking, its types and other to be related of computer networking so discribe below 1. Computer network 2. Types of network 3. Local area network 4. Metropolitan area network 5. Wide area network 6. Internet 7. Evalution of internet 8. Applications of internet

1. Computer network A network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices connected toeach other so that they can exchange data. Each of the devices on the network can be turned as a node. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device capable of sending and receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. 2. Types of network There are three types of networks a. LAN b. MAN c. WAN

3. Local area network (LAN) A LAN ia a network that is used for communicating computer devices, usally within an office building or home. LAN enables the sharing of resources such as file or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users. The geographical area covered by LAN is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters and no more than a mile

4. Metropolitan area network (MAN) Metropolitan area network is larger than a local area network and as its name implies, covers the area of a single city. MAN rarely extends beyond 100 KM and frequently comprises a combination of different hardware and transmission media. A MAN might be owned and operated by single organization , but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations.

5. Wide area network (WAN)A wide area network is a network that is usally used for connecting computers, which spans a wide geographical area, such as between different cities, states or even countries. WAN’s often connect multiple smaller network , such as local area network or metropolitan area networks. The world’s most popular WAN is the network.

6. Internet INTERNET means of transport for information. It is not a thing but it is a set of standards which allow different computers to communicate with each other. The internet , sometimes called simply “the net” is a network of networks in which users at any one computer can get the information from any other computer in the world and sometimes talk directly to the users of any other computer anywhere in the world.

7. Evalution of internet In 1969, the department of defense advanced research project agency (ARPA) developed an experimental network called ARPA net to link together four supercomputing centres for military research.In 1991, the U.S high performance computing act established the NREN (national research & education network) NREN’s goal was to develop and maintain high-speed networks for research and education and to investigate commercial users for the internet.

8. Application of internet The internet provides many facilities to the people. The main application areas of internet are discusses below: 1. Collection of world’s information 2. Sharing information 3. Searching jobs  4. Entertainment  5. Online education  6. Online result 7. Social networking 8. advertisement